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| 1859 |
| | | In On Liberty John Stuart Mill makes the classic liberal case for the priority of the freedom of the individual | |
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| 1862 |
| | | Unpublished American poet Emily Dickinson writes more than 300 poems within the year | |
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| 1872 |
| | | Pragmatism emerges as a philosophical approach in meetings of the Metaphysical Club in Cambridge, Massachusetts | |
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| 1883 |
| | | In Thus Spake Zarathustra Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche envisages the Übermensch ('superman') enhancing human existence | |
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| 1884 |
| | | German mathematician Gottlob Frege publishes Grundlagen der Arithmetik ('Foundations of Arithmetic'), linking mathematics and logic | |
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| 1902 |
| | | US philosopher William James publishes his influential book The Varieties of Religious Experience | |
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| 1903 |
| | | British philosopher G.E. Moore publishes Principia Ethica, an attempt to apply logic to ethics | |
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| 1905 |
| | | US philosopher George Santayana publishes the first of the five volumes of his Life of Reason | |
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| 1907 |
| | | US philosopher William James publishes Pragmatism: a New Name for Old Ways of Thinking | |
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| 1912 |
| | | Ludwig Wittgenstein moves to Cambridge to study philosophy under Bertrand Russell | |
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